Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix would write in 1721 that the Miami had a settlement in what is now Chicago around 1670. In 1671, Potawatomi guides first took the French trader Nicolas Perrot to the Miami villages near the site of present-day Chicago. The tribe was part of the Miami Confederacy, which included the Illini and Kickapoo. When we arrived at the said place called Chicagou which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region. According to his diary of late September 1687: Henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called 'chicagoua', grew abundantly in the area. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as 'Checagou' was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir. The name 'Chicago' is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. Douglas in the 1850s, Adlai Stevenson in the 1950s, and Barack Obama in recent years.Īt its first appearance in records by explorers, the Chicago area was inhabited by a number of Algonquian peoples, including the Mascouten and Miami. The city formed the political base for national leaders of the Democratic Party, especially Stephen A. Increasingly it emphasized its service roles in medicine, higher education, and tourism. Deindustrialization after 1970 closed the stockyards and most of the steel mills and factories, but the city retained its role as a financial and transportation hub.

Daley, who was chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party. The Cook County suburbs grew rapidly after 1945, but the Democratic party machine kept both the city and suburbs under control, especially under mayor Richard J. Mexicans started arriving after 1910, and Puerto Ricans after 1945. Large numbers of African Americans migrated from the South starting in the World War I era as part of the Great Migration. Many joined militant labor unions, and Chicago became notorious for its violent strikes, but respected for its high wages. They were all absorbed in the city's powerful ward-based political machines.

The city was a magnet for European immigrants-at first Germans, Irish and Scandinavians, then from the 1890s to 1914, Jews, Czechs, Poles and Italians. The modern city was incorporated in 1837 by Northern businessmen and grew rapidly from real estate speculation and the realization that it had a commanding position in the emerging inland transportation network, based on lake traffic and railroads, controlling access from the Great Lakes into the Mississippi River basin.ĭespite a fire in 1871 that destroyed the Central Business District, the city grew exponentially, becoming the nation's rail center and the dominant Midwestern center for manufacturing, commerce, finance, higher education, religion, broadcasting, sports, jazz, and high culture. Army fort, but the soldiers and settlers were all driven off in 1812. Jean Baptiste Point du Sable was the first permanent non-indigenous settler in the area, having a house at the mouth of the Chicago River in the late 18th century. The area's recorded history begins with the arrival of French explorers, missionaries and fur traders in the late 17th century and their interaction with the local Pottawatomie Native Americans. Since the 1850s Chicago has been one of the dominant metropolises in the Midwestern United States, and has been the largest city in the Midwest since the 1880 census. Historical Chicago homicide rate a notable spike is visible in the Prohibition era, a sharp drop around World War II, another increase during the 1970s–90s, and a decline since then.Ĭhicago has played a central role in American economic, cultural and political history.

Map of chicago 1930